Python | functools . wrapps()函数
原文:https://www . geesforgeks . org/python-func tools-wrapps-func/
functools 是一个标准的 Python 模块,用于高阶函数(作用于或返回其他函数的函数)。wraps()是应用于装饰器的包装函数的装饰器。它通过复制诸如 name、doc(文档字符串)等属性来更新包装函数,使其看起来像包装函数。
语法:@ functools . wrapps(wrapped,assigned = WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,updated = WRAPPER _ UPDATES) 参数: wrapped :要由 WRAPPER 函数修饰的函数名。 赋值 : Tuple 指定将原函数的哪些属性直接赋给包装函数上的匹配属性。默认设置为 wrapper_ASSIGNMENTS(分配给 WRAPPER 函数的 module、name、qualname、annotations 和 doc,文档字符串) 更新后的 : Tuple 指定用原始函数的相应属性更新 WRAPPER 函数的哪些属性。默认设置为 WRAPPER_UPDATES(更新包装函数的 dict,即实例字典)。
示例 1: 不带 functools . wrapps()
Python 3
def a_decorator(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
"""A wrapper function"""
# Extend some capabilities of func
func()
return wrapper
@a_decorator
def first_function():
"""This is docstring for first function"""
print("first function")
@a_decorator
def second_function(a):
"""This is docstring for second function"""
print("second function")
print(first_function.__name__)
print(first_function.__doc__)
print(second_function.__name__)
print(second_function.__doc__)
Output:
wrapper
A wrapper function
wrapper
A wrapper function
现在如果我们写 help(first_function)和 help(second_function) 会发生什么
Python 3
print("First Function")
help(first_function)
print("\nSecond Function")
help(second_function)
Output:
First Function
Help on function wrapper in module __main__:
wrapper(*args, **kwargs)
A wrapper function
Second Function
Help on function wrapper in module __main__:
wrapper(*args, **kwargs)
A wrapper function
虽然上面的代码在逻辑上运行良好,但是如果您正在编写一个应用编程接口或库,并且有人想知道您的函数是做什么的,它的名称或者简单地键入 help(yoursfunction),它将总是显示包装函数的名称和文档字符串。如果您对不同的函数使用相同的包装函数,这将变得更加令人困惑,因为它将为每个函数显示相同的细节。 理想情况下应该显示包装函数的名称和文档字符串,而不是包装函数。手动解决方案是在包装函数中分配 name 和 doc 属性,然后再返回它。
Python 3
def a_decorator(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
"""A wrapper function"""
# Extend some capabilities of func
func()
wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__
wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__
return wrapper
@a_decorator
def first_function():
"""This is docstring for first function"""
print("first function")
@a_decorator
def second_function(a):
"""This is docstring for second function"""
print("second function")
print(first_function.__name__)
print(first_function.__doc__)
print(second_function.__name__)
print(second_function.__doc__)
Output:
first_function
This is docstring for first function
second_function
This is docstring for second function
这就解决了问题,但是如果我们再次输入帮助(your function) 呢
Python 3
print("First Function")
help(first_function)
print("\nSecond Function")
help(second_function)
对于 first_function:帮助(first_function)
Output:
First Function
Help on function first_function in module __main__:
first_function(*args, **kwargs)
This is docstring for first function
Second Function
Help on function second_function in module __main__:
second_function(*args, **kwargs)
This is docstring for second function
正如您所看到的,它仍然有一个问题,即函数的签名,它显示了包装函数为每个函数使用的签名(这里是通用签名)。此外,如果您正在实现许多装饰器,那么您必须为它们中的每一个编写这些行。 所以为了节省时间和增加可读性,我们可以使用functools . wrapps()作为修饰器来包装函数。 示例(带 func tools . wrapps())
Python 3
from functools import wraps
def a_decorator(func):
@wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
"""A wrapper function"""
# Extend some capabilities of func
func()
return wrapper
@a_decorator
def first_function():
"""This is docstring for first function"""
print("first function")
@a_decorator
def second_function(a):
"""This is docstring for second function"""
print("second function")
print(first_function.__name__)
print(first_function.__doc__)
print(second_function.__name__)
print(second_function.__doc__)
Output:
first_function
This is docstring for first function
second_function
This is docstring for second function
现在,如果我们键入帮助(first _ function)–
Python 3
print("First Function")
help(first_function)
print("\nSecond Function")
help(second_function)
Output:
First Function
Help on function first_function in module __main__:
first_function()
This is docstring for first function
Second Function
Help on function second_function in module __main__:
second_function(a)
This is docstring for second function
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